• Overview of the module: goals, expectations
  
• Introduction to the climate system: atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, interior, structure, composition, global biogeochemical cycles, human activity and global change
  
• Atmospheric basics: forms of energy and energy transfer, first and second law of thermodynamics, ideal gas law, hydrostatic balance, lapse rate, barometric equation, Carnot efficiency, maximum work

• Radiative forcing: basic radiation laws, radiative temperature, variations in solar radiation, greenhouse effect
  
• Planetary energy balance: components of the global energy balance, atmospheric heat transport, planetary comparison
  
• Biogeochemical cycles: global cycles, residence times, geology and biogeochemical cycles, evolution of atmospheric composition
  
• Wrap-up: summary, next steps, feedback

• global circulation of the atmosphere
• frontal systems
• basics of global ocean circulation
• hydrologic cycle, clouds

• Meteorological observation systems
• Meteorological data assimilation
• Reanalysis, reanalysis products
• Atmospheric tracer transport
• Application: Atmospheric inversion

We will use a Lagrangian Dispersion Model (LPDM) and a global Transport Model to see how atmospheric transport and mixing of emissions and biosheric fluxes affects the distribution of CO₂ in the atmosphere.

• fluxes at the land surface
• albedo climate feedback
• biophysical feedback

• general characteristics, structure and diurnal cycle
• atmospheric stability

• atmospheric turbulence
• scaling laws

• turbulent fluxes
• eddy covariance method
• measurement technique

• demonstration of eddy covariance measurement system at the institute
• processing of eddy covariance data

• demonstration of eddy covariance measurement system at the institute
• processing of eddy covariance data

• black body radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum
• molecular absorption lines of major constituents of the atmosphere
• solar and earth spectra at the ground and the top of the atmosphere
• introduction to simple online radiative transfer model
• remote sensing of atmospheric trace gases

• scattering in the Rayleigh, Mie, and geometric regimes
• introduction to aerosols and their optical properties
• direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols
• cloud radiative properties
• testing cloud and aerosol radiative properties with 1-D radiation model
• multiple scattering

Following the examples introduced in the previous sections, further experiments will be carried out using the 1-D radiative transfer model, working in teams. Within the model we can test the effect of changing the quantity of various greenhouse gases, the aerosol optical depth, the cloud properties, and the surface albedo, among other things. By the end of the day the participants should have a better feeling of what 1 W/m² means, and the radiative implications of some proposed geoengineering methods and climate feedbacks.

• Drivers of global ocean circulation
• Large scale surface and deep ocean circulation
• Large scale features of the surface ocean
• Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean circulation

• Carbonate system and ocean acidification
• Decadal global trends of oceanic CO2 uptake
• Climate Oscillations (El Niño and others)

• Arctic amplification
• Permafrost-carbon feedback with climate change
• Teleconnections